第63章 流民
一秒记住【顶点小说】
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永乐十九年,江西吉安。沈渡站在赣江边的渡口上,面前是浩浩荡荡的江水。三月的江西到处都是水——田里是水,沟里是水,连空气里都拧得出一把水。江对岸的吉安城笼罩在灰蒙蒙的雨雾里,城墙上的旌旗被雨水打湿了贴在旗杆上,垛口后面的守军缩在雨棚下面,隔着江都能看到他们盔甲上的铁锈。从广西到江西,他走了二十天。在镇南关接到调令时,他对江西的情况还不完全清楚——只听说湖广丶江西一带流民聚众起事,攻陷了多处县城,朝廷派了几拨兵去平乱,打了一阵又复起,始终没有彻底平息。到了吉安才知道,情况比军报上写的要复杂得多。
「不是土匪,是流民。」沈渡坐在吉安府的府衙里,面前摊着一张刚画好的赣中地形图。地图上被他标注了几个红圈——乐安丶永丰丶龙泉,都是这一年来被流民攻陷过的县城。府衙的墙上挂着被雨水浸得发霉的旧地图,窗外的雨声密得像擂鼓,瓦檐上的雨水哗哗地往下淌。江西巡抚坐在他对面,头发白了大半,眼圈发黑,显然已经很久没有睡好觉。
「湖广那边连续大旱,粮食绝收,官府催赋照旧不误。田地里颗粒无收拿什么交赋税?起初还是零星几户逃荒,后来整村整乡一起跑,七八个县的流民汇到赣中,实在活不下去了就抢富户的粮仓,抢完粮仓再抢官仓。本官起初也派兵去剿,但流民人数比守军多出好几倍,散了又聚,聚了又散。今天在乐安,明天就跑到永丰,后天又出现在龙泉。不是在剿匪,是在追风。」
沈渡没有说话。他低头看着地图上那三个红圈,想起当年在齐眉山撤退那晚——饥饿的士卒躺在辎重车上发烧说胡话,顾章把仅剩的半袋乾粮放在病号枕边,赵老六在隘口守夜时饿得嚼草根。没有粮食,军心溃散。但士卒好歹有军纪撑着,流民什么都没有。没有吃的,没有地,没有家,只有一条烂命,跑到哪活到哪。他放下炭笔,站起来走到窗前。窗外是吉安城的街道,雨幕里看不清人影,但能听到远处传来隐约的哭声——不是一个人哭,是一群人,压抑的丶连绵的哭声,混在雨声里像一层薄雾。吉安城里的富户们早早就关上大门,把粮食藏在地窖里,宁可粮食烂掉也不敢拿出来,怕被流民抢。而城外的流民饿死在路边,每天都有尸体被雨水冲进水沟。
赵老六蹲在府衙门口的石阶上,嘴里叼着没点火的菸袋锅子。从镇南关到吉安,他一路都没怎么说话。在广西时他把关城修得固若金汤,贝壳灰泥的配方调得比辽东时还精,青砖烧了一窑又一窑,城墙上每一处垛口都装了铁箍。那些活他干得顺手,越干越有劲。修城是防敌人,天经地义。但站在吉安城头往下看,城外全是面黄肌瘦的老百姓。他的菸袋锅子在嘴里咬得咯吱响,菸叶被雨水浸潮了,几次都没擦着火。「李爷,」赵老六把菸袋锅子从嘴里拔出来,抬头看着沈渡,眼眶有点红,不知道是熬的还是别的原因,「我爹年轻时给地主扛活被逼得逃荒,饿死在半路上。那年我才七岁。我娘带我改嫁到大同,后来我才吃上军粮。」沈渡没有说话,只是在赵老六肩膀上重重拍了一下。
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苏婉清从北京赶来时雨还没停。她是在户部接到沈渡从吉安发回的急报,连行李都没收拾齐便带着两个书吏往南赶。从北京到江西,轻车快马跑了近一个月,车轮在大雨中陷进泥坑好几次,书吏推车推得满身是泥,她自己也下了车踩着泥水走过最难的一段路。到了吉安,她没去驿馆歇脚,直接上了城墙。她站在城头往下看,看了很长时间。城外是流民的临时窝棚——用竹竿和破布搭的,雨水从每一个缝隙漏下去,棚子外面的泥地被踩成了没膝的烂泥汤。几个孩子光着脚蹲在棚子边上,用破碗接雨水喝。她一句话没说,转身走下城墙,直接去了府衙。
「招抚。只能招抚,不能剿。」苏婉清把一份刚写好的流民安置方案放在沈渡和江西巡抚面前,语气比在交趾时更沉更稳,「流民不是叛军,他们要的是粮食丶土地和活路。给他们种子和农具,让他们开荒种地,他们不会冒着官兵的围剿继续去抢粮仓。我和户部算过帐,江西有四府二十三县抛荒,荒芜田地至少二十万亩。把这些荒地分给流民,每户给种子一石丶农具一副丶口粮管到第一茬收成,三年免徵赋税。他们能活,朝廷能收税,荒地能变良田。」她把算盘拿出来,一笔一笔算给巡抚看——招抚一万户流民需要多少种子丶多少农具丶多少口粮,折算成银子是多少;不招抚继续围剿,每一拨官兵出动要耗多少粮饷丶折损多少兵员,又是多少银子。算到最后巡抚沉默了很久,站起来对苏婉清深深作了一揖。
沈渡站在地图前没有说话,但他心里在做另一笔帐。招抚是根本,但没有缓冲,流民和官兵之间已经打了快两年,彼此都有死伤,有些流民首领已经被朝廷悬赏通缉,不敢轻易投降。招抚的诚意传不到流民营地里,再好的安置方案也是纸上谈兵。他把炭笔从耳朵上拿下来,在地图上赣江沿岸画了几道线。
「江边这一片是公共荒地,无主也不属于任何富户庄园。这片地可以先划出来做安置点,由官府统一划片分给愿意接受招抚的流民,先给地丶给种子丶给农具,让他们看到有人真的拿到了地丶种上了庄稼。有一个人信,就会有一百个人信。在招抚安置点开工的同时,我来负责修赣江沿岸的水渠和堤坝。修堤要大量劳力,官府出钱出粮雇流民来做,按天发粮饷。有饭吃就不怕饿死,有活干就不怕闲着闹事。流民群聚在一起容易被鼓动哄抢,但分批分散在不同工程段上干活,情绪就稳定得多。人少的时候好说话,等人少了,让老农和招抚成功的流民过去讲——告诉剩下的人,种地比抢粮稳当,官府不是来杀他们的。」
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